Physicochemical and microbiological stability study of two new preservative-free methylprednisolone eye drops. / Estudio de estabilidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica de 2 nuevos colirios de metilprednisolona sin conservantes.

OBJECTIVE: To study the physicochemical and microbiological stability over 90 days of two preservative-free methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MTPSS) 1 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml eye drops for use in ocular pathologies such as Sjögren's syndrome and dry eye syndrome. METHOD: The two eye drops were prepared from injectable MTPSS (Solu-moderin® and Urbason®), water for injection and normal saline solution. In accordance with ICH (International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) guidelines, they were then stored in triplicate under refrigerated conditions (5 ±3 °C), at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C), and at 40 °C (±2 °C). In accordance with the USP (United States Pharmacopeia), physicochemical controls of the active ingredient content were carried out by HPLC-UV (High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet detection), together with controls of pH, osmolality, and visual examination. Microbiological sterility was also tested under refrigerated conditions up to 30 days in open containers and up to 90 days in closed ones. RESULTS: The eye drops stored at 5 °C were the most stable; in the 1 mg/ml eye drops, degradation of the drug fell below 90% from day 21, and in the 10 mg/ml eye drops, from day 42. pH change did not vary by ≥1 unit in formulations stored at 5 °C, unlike the other formulations. Changes in osmolality did not exceed 5% on day 90 in any storage conditions. Samples of non refrigerate eye drops at 10 mg/ml, presented a white precipitate from day 14 and 28 respectively. Non-refrigerated 1 mg/ml eye drops presented suspended particles on day 90. There were no color changes. Microbiological analysis showed that sterility was maintained for over 90 days in the closed containers, although microbial contamination was detected from day 21 in the open containers. CONCLUSIONS: 1 mg/ml MTPSS eye drops show physicochemical and microbiological stability for 21 days under refrigeration, compared to 42 days for 10 mg/ml eye drops stored under the same conditions. However, since they do not include preservatives in their composition, they should not be used for more than 7 days after opening.

Update on cardiac imaging: A critical analysis.

Imaging is instrumental in diagnosing and directing the management of atherosclerosis. In 1958 the first diagnostic coronary angiography (CA) was performed, and since then further development has led to new methods such as coronary CT angiography (CTA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), positron tomography (PET), and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Currently, CA remains powerful for visualizing coronary arteries; however, recent studies show the benefits of using other non-invasive techniques. This review identifies optimum imaging techniques for diagnosing and monitoring plaque stability. This becomes even direr now, given the rapidly rising incidence of atherosclerosis in society today. Many acute coronary events, including acute myocardial infarctions and sudden deaths, are attributable to plaque rupture. Although fatal, these events can be preventable. We discuss the factors affecting plaque integrity, such as increased inflammation, medications like statins, and increased lipid content. Some of these precipitating factors are identifiable through imaging. However, we also highlight significant complications arising in some modalities; in CA this can include ventricular arrhythmia and even death. Extending this, we elucidated from the literature that risk can also vary based on the location of arteries and their plaques. Promisingly, there are less invasive methods being trialled for assessing plaque stability, such as Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR), which is already in use for other cardiac diseases like cardiomyopathies. Therefore, future research focusing on using imaging modalities in conjunction may be sensible, to bridge between the effectiveness of modalities, at the expense of increased complications, and vice versa.

Trayectorias diagnósticas de los trastornos mentales en 10 años de seguimiento de una cohorte de niños y adolescentes / Diagnostic trajectories of mental disorders in a 10-year follow-up cohort of children and adolescents

Los trastornos psiquiátricos en la infancia y adolescencia pueden persistir, cambiar, remitir o aumentar en la edad adulta. Este estudio explora la estabilidad y las trayectorias diagnósticas de 311 niños y adolescentes entre 3 y 17 años hasta la edad adulta. Se encuentra que la estabilidad diagnóstica varía en función de la enfermedad. Los cambios de diagnóstico son más frecuentes en el trastorno de conducta y los trastornos afectivos, mientras que la mayor estabilidad diagnóstica se da en las dificultades del aprendizaje, trastorno de déficit de atención con hiperactividad y trastornos del espectro autista. La remisión completa es más frecuente en los trastornos de ansiedad. Los diagnósticos psiquiátricos tienen implicaciones sociales, emocionales y prácticas. Es necesario adaptar los recursos de salud mental a las necesidades de cada grupo de edad. (AU)

Psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence may persist, change, remit or increase in adulthood. This study explores the diagnostic stability and trajectories of 311 children and adolescents aged 3-17 years into adulthood. Diagnostic stability is found to vary according to pathology. Diagnostic changes are more frequent in conduct disorder and affective disorders, while the highest diagnostic stability was found in learning difficulties, attention deficit learning disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders. Complete remission is more frequent in anxiety disorders. Psychiatric diagnoses have social, emotional and practical implications. Mental health resources need to be adapted to the needs of each age group. (AU)

Chemical stability and physical compatibility of meropenem in admixtures for continuous and extended intravenous infusions / Estabilidad química y compatibilidad física de meropenem en mezclas para infusión intravenosa continua y extendida

Introduction: Prolonged intravenous infusion of beta-lactams increase the clinical cure rate compared to conventional administration in critical or septic patients. This study aimed to determine chemical stability and physical compatibility of meropenem at conditions used in clinical practice to evaluate the stability of the preparation during its administration and the possibility of anticipated preparation. Methods: Admixtures in study were: (i) meropenem 6g in 0.9% sodium chloride (NS) in infusor of 2mL/h 50mL or 10mL/h 240mL; (ii) meropenem 1 or 2g in NS in infusion bag of 250mL. Temperatures of study were: (i) infusor: 4.5°C, 32°C or 12h at 4.5°C followed by 32°C; (ii) Infusion bag: 4.5°C, 24.5°C or 6h at 4.5°C followed by 24.5°C. Time of study was 5–6 days in infusor and 1 day in infusion bag. Chemical stability was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography and physical compatibility by measuring pH and visual inspection. Results: Chemical stability and physical compatibility of meropenem in admixtures in infusors were reduced at high meropenem concentration and high temperature. Admixtures in infusion bag show chemical stability and physical compatibility for at least 1 day. Conclusion: Administration of meropenem 6g in infusion of 24h in 240mL of 0.9% NaCl in infusor of 10mL/h could be possible if the admixture is infused at 4.5°C. Extended infusion of meropenem 1 or 2g in 0.9% NaCl in infusion bag (250mL) in 3–4h is also feasible. Anticipated preparation of the admixtures in infusion bag is possible with a stability of 24h.(AU)

Introducción: La infusión intravenosa prolongada de beta-lactámicos aumenta la velocidad de curación clínica comparada con la administración convencional en pacientes críticos o sépticos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la estabilidad química y la compatibilidad física de meropenem en condiciones utilizadas en la práctica clínica para evaluar la estabilidad de la preparación durante su administración y la posibilidad de la preparación anticipada. Métodos: Las mezclas en estudio fueron: (I) meropenem 6g en cloruro sódico 0,9% (SN) en infusor de 2mL/h 50 mL o 10mL/h 240mL; (iii) meropenem 1 o 2g en SN en bolsa de infusión de 250mL. Las temperaturas de estudio fueron: (i) infusor: 4,5°C, 32°C o 12h a 4,5°c seguido de 32°C; (ii) bolsa de infusión: 4,5°C, 24,5°C o 6h a 4,5°c seguido de 24,5°C. El tiempo de estudio fue de 5-6 días en infusor y 1 día en bolsa de infusión. Se evaluó la estabilidad química mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución y la compatibilidad física por medida de pH e inspección visual. Resultados: La estabilidad química y la compatibilidad física de meropenem en las mezclas en infusores disminuyeron al aumentar la concentración de meropenem y la temperatura. Las mezclas en bolsas de infusión mostraron estabilidad química y compatibilidad física durante al menos 1 día. Conclusión: La administración de meropenem 6g en infusión de 24h en 240 mL de cloruro sódico 0,9% en infusor de 10ml/h podría ser posible si la mezcla es administrada a 4,5°C. La infusión extendida de 1 o 2g en cloruro sódico 0,9% en bolsa de infusión (250 mL) en 3-4h es también viable. Puede realizarse la preparación anticipada de mezclas de meropenem en bolsas de infusión con una estabilidad de 1 día.(AU)

Sellado antibiótico de reservorios subcutáneos: estabilidad de soluciones con vancomicina / Antimicrobial lock solutions for implantable central venous devices: stability of vancomycin solutions

Los reservorios subcutáneos son un tipo de catéter venoso central (CVC). Cuando se usan catéteres venosos centrales (CVC), el personal sanitario necesita evitar dos grandes riesgos: formación de coágulos e infecciones bacterianas. Para prevenir y evitar la contaminación de los catéteres en los pacientes hospitalizados y ambulatorios, se han implementado diversas alternativas, como el llamado “sellado antibiótico de catéteres” (SAC). De este modo, se ha sugerido la utilización de soluciones con agentes antimicrobianos, a las que se suelen adicionar sustancias con efecto anticoagulante y/o con efecto antibiofilm. Empero, se requiere que la estabilidad de dichas soluciones sea comprobada mediante técnicas como la cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC), además de las pruebas de eficacia antimicrobiana, para así poder establecer la seguridad de los pacientes. En este entorno, se plantea el presente trabajo de revisión bibliográfica, con el objetivo de incluir las investigaciones de mayor representación clínica a este respecto, para evidenciar el comportamiento de las soluciones de sellado antibiótico de catéteres en distintas condiciones de almacenamiento y uso. En particular, esta revisión se centra en soluciones con vancomicina. De acuerdo con los estudios consultados, las soluciones de vancomicina con citrato de sodio (agente quelante) son las que presentan las mejores características en cuanto a estabilidad físico-química y eficacia como soluciones de sellado.(AU)

Subcutaneous reservoirs are a type of central venous catheter. When using central venous catheters, healthcare workers need to avoid two major risks: clot formation and bacterial infections. To prevent and avoid catheter contamination in both hospitalized patients and outpatients, several strategies have been carried out, such as the so-called ” antibiotic-based catheter lock solution”. Therefore, it has been suggested to implement the use of solutions with antimicrobial agents, to which anticoagulant and/or antibiofilm substances are often added.However, the stability of such solutions needs to be tested by techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), in addition to antimicrobial efficacy testing, in order to establish patient safety. In consequence, this literature review aims to include the most clinically representative research towards these aspects, to demonstrate the behaviour of antibiotic-based catheter lock solutions under different conditions of storage and use. In particular, this review focuses on solutions containing vancomycin. According to the studies consulted, vancomycin solutions with sodium citrate (chelating agent) present the best stability characteristics in terms of physicochemical properties and efficacy.(AU)

Effects of protection and temperature variation on temporal stability in a marine reserve network.

Understanding the drivers of ecosystem stability has been a key focus of modern ecology as the impacts of the Anthropocene become more prevalent and extreme. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are tools used globally to promote biodiversity and mediate anthropogenic impacts. However, assessing the stability of natural ecosystems and responses to management actions is inherently challenging due to the complex dynamics of communities with many interdependent taxa. Using a 12-year time series of subtidal community structure in an MPA network in the Channel Islands (United States), we estimated species interaction strength (competition and predation), prey species synchrony, and temporal stability in trophic networks, as well as temporal variation in sea surface temperature to explore the causal drivers of temporal stability at community and metacommunity scales. At the community scale, only trophic networks in MPAs at Santa Rosa Island showed greater temporal stability than reference sites, likely driven by reduced prey synchrony. Across islands, competition was sometimes greater and predation always greater in MPAs compared with reference sites. Increases in interaction strength resulted in lower temporal stability of trophic networks. Although MPAs reduced prey synchrony at the metacommunity scale, reductions were insufficient to stabilize trophic networks. In contrast, temporal variation in sea surface temperature had strong positive direct effects on stability at the regional scale and indirect effects at the local scale through reductions in species interaction strength. Although MPAs can be effective management strategies for protecting certain species or locations, our findings for this MPA network suggest that temperature variation has a stronger influence on metacommunity temporal stability by mediating species interactions and promoting a mosaic of spatiotemporal variation in community structure of trophic networks. By capturing the full spectrum of environmental variation in network planning, MPAs will have the greatest capacity to promote ecosystem stability in response to climate change.

Efectos de la protección y variación de la temperatura sobre la estabilidad temporal en una red de reservas marinas Resumen El conocimiento sobre las causas de la estabilidad ambiental ha sido un enfoque importante de la ecología moderna conforme el impacto del Antropoceno se vuelve más prevaleciente y extremo. Las áreas marinas protegidas (AMP) son herramientas que se usan en todo el mundo para promover la biodiversidad y mediar el impacto antropogénico. Sin embargo, analizar la estabilidad de los ecosistemas naturales y la respuesta a las acciones de manejo es complicado debido a las dinámicas complejas entre las comunidades y varios taxones interdependientes. Usamos una serie temporal de 12 años de estructura comunitaria submareal en una red de AMP en las Islas del Canal (Estados Unidos) para estimar la fuerza de interacción de las especies (competencia y depredación), la sincronía de las especies depredadas y la estabilidad temporal en las redes tróficas, así como la variación temporal de la temperatura superficial del mar para explorar los factores causales de la estabilidad temporal a escala comunitaria y meta-comunitaria. A nivel de comunidad, sólo las redes tróficas en las AMP de la Isla Santa Rosa mostraron una estabilidad temporal mayor que en los sitios de referencia, probablemente debido a la reducción en la sincronía de presas. Entre las islas, la competencia a veces fue mayor y la depredación siempre fue mayor en las AMP comparadas con los sitios de referencia. Los incrementos en la fuerza de interacción causaron una menor estabilidad temporal en las redes tróficas. Aunque las AMP redujeron la sincronía de presas a nivel meta-comunitario, las reducciones no fueron suficientes para estabilizar las redes tróficas. Por el contrario, la variación temporal de la temperatura en la superficie marina tuvo grandes efectos positivos directos sobre la estabilidad a nivel regional y efectos indirectos a escala local por medio de reducciones en la fuerza de interacción entre las especies. Aunque las AMP pueden ser una estrategia efectiva de manejo para proteger ciertas especies o localidades, nuestros hallazgos en esta red de AMP sugieren que la variación térmica tiene una influencia más fuerte sobre la estabilidad temporal metacomunitaria cuando regula las interacciones entre especies y promueve un mosaico de variación espaciotemporal en la estructura comunitaria de las redes tróficas. Cuando se captura el espectro completo de variación ambiental en la planeación de redes, las AMP logran tener la capacidad máxima para promover la estabilidad del ecosistema como respuesta al cambio climático.

Análisis In vitro de yesos dentales de alta resistencia y baja expansión disponibles en Perú / In vitro analysis of high resistance and low expansion dental plasters available in Peru

Objetivo. Comparar la dureza, estabilidad dimensional y resistencia a la compresión de los yesos dentales de alta resistencia y baja expansión disponibles en el Perú. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal. Se confeccionaron muestras de forma cilíndrica (8) y rectangular (8), de siete yesos dentales de alta resistencia y baja expansión. Se evaluó la dureza utilizando el Durómetro Universal Identec, la estabilidad dimensional con un calibrador digital y la resistencia a compresión con la Máquina de Ensayo Universal. Para determinar si hay diferencia en cada una de estas propiedades se empleó el análisis de varianza, la prueba F y la prueba de Duncan. Además, se empleó la prueba de comparación de medias, t de Student, para evaluar si difieren con los valores de la ADA (Asociación Dental Americana). Resultados. La dureza, estabilidad dimen-sional y resistencia a la compresión promedio de los yesos dentales presentó diferencias significativas (p<0.05) entre cada uno con los promedios estándares establecidos por la ADA. Conclusiones. En relación resistencia a la compresión el 100% de los yesos analizados cumplen con los parámetros establecidos por la ADA, en relación estabilidad dimensional solo el 28.6% y el 100% no alcanzan los estándares de dureza promedio establecidos por la ADA.

Objective. To compare the hardness, dimensional stability, and compressive strength of high-strength, low-expansion dental plasters available in Peru, according to ADA criteria. Methods. A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was developed. A selection of 8 cylindrical-shaped samples and 8 rectangular- shaped ones, from seven high-resistance, low-expansion dental plasters were fabricated. The hardness was evaluated using the Identec Universal Durometer. Dimensional stability was evaluated with a digital caliper and compressive strength was evaluated with the Instron Universal Testing Machine. To determine if there is a difference in each of these properties, the analysis of variance, F test, and the Duncan's test were used. In addition, to assess whether these values differ from those of the ADA, the mean comparison test, student's t table, were used. Results. The hardness, dimensional stability and average compressive strength of the high-strength, low-expansion dental plasters showed that there are significant di-fferences (p<0.05) between each of the dental plasters and with the standard averages established by the American Dental Association. (ADA). Conclusions. 100% of the high-strength, low-expansion dental casts meet the parameters established by the ADA in terms of their compressive strength, only 28.6% of these comply with the ADA in terms of dimensional stability and that 100% of these do not meet the average hardness standards established by the ADA.

Design and development of a facial Serum with Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716 / Diseño y elaboración de un sérum facial con Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716

Introducción: De todos los órganos del cuerpo, la piel es el que está directa y constantemente expuesto a agentes externos. De ahí la importancia de proporcionarle todos los nutrientes necesarios para mantenerla sana, cuidada e hidratada. Con esta intención se ha diseñado y desarrollado un sérum hidratante con ingredientes activos naturales que incluye una cepa de la especie probiótica Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716, como innovación, para potenciar el efecto sinérgico del producto. Método: El producto citado ha sido caracterizado mediante determinaciones de pH, conductividad y viscosidad para probar su estabilidad. Además, se ha estudiado la viabilidad del probiótico y la percepción de los consumidores en estudios de eficacia del producto. Resultados: Los datos extraídos de las mediciones de pH y conductividad aseguran que la aplicación tópica del sérum es segura, al igual que la percepción de eficacia del producto por los consumidores, ofreciendo una mejor apariencia en términos de suavidad y luminosidad. Además, esta investigación ha revelado las características pseudoplásticas del sérum, óptimas para su propósito. Por último, se ha visto que la viabilidad probiótica disminuye con el tiempo. Conclusiones: En base a los resultados obtenidos, se puede afirmar que nuestro sérum hidratante es seguro y eficaz en la hidratación cutánea, debido a las propiedades de las materias primas incorporadas y el mecanismo competitivo de los probióticos incluidos. (AU)

Introduction: The skin is of all the organs of the body that is directly and constantly exposed to external agents. Hence the importance of providing all the necessary nutrients to keep it healthy, cared for and hydrated. When this does not happen, the skin begins to lose water, becomes dehydrated, and can be seriously injured. With this inten-tion, a moisturizing serum with natural active ingredients has been designed and developed. It has been developed and characterized through various studies. In addition, it includes a strain of the probiotic species Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716, as an innovation, to enhance the synergistic effect of the product.Method: The cited product is characterized by pH, conductivity, and viscosity measurements to test its stability. Besides it is studied to probiotic viability and consumers’ perception of the product’s efficacy.Results: Data extracted from pH and conductivity measurements assure that the topical application of our serum is safe, as it does the consumers’ perception of the product’s efficacy study, offering it a better appearance in terms of smoothness and luminosity. This research has revealed the serum’s pseudoplastic characteristics, optimal for its purpose. Lastly, it has been seen that probiotic viability decreases with time.Conclusions: Based on the results we obtained; it can be affirmed that our moisturizing serum is safe and effective in skin hydration, due to the properties of the raw materials incorporated and the competitive mechanism of the probiotics included. (AU)

Fragancias unisex para perfume y crema humectante / Unisex fragrances to perfum and moisturizing cream

Introducción: Las fragancias unisex pretenden borrar la frontera existente en los estereotipos de género, agradando a todos los olfatos, siendo usadas de día o de noche y compartidas por las parejas. El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar dos fragancias unisex para una crema humectante y un perfume. Método: Se identificaron los componentes a incluir en las dos fragancias unisex. Se realizaron los controles de calidad y estudios de estabilidad de envejecimiento natural a las fragancias, así como a la crema y el perfume. También se evaluó la influencia de la luz solar en las fragancias. La evaluación sensorial de los productos perfumados se realizó a través de métodos afectivos, incluyendo pruebas de aceptación y pruebas escalares, participando jueces no entrenados, determinando el nivel de aceptación y agrado de los cosméticos desarrollados. Resultados: Se desarrollaron dos fragancias con notas olfativas cítrica-maderable-floral, clasificándolas en la familia olfativa hespéride, subfamilia olfativa maderable. Los controles de calidad y estudios de estabilidad demostraron la calidad física y química de ambas fragancias durante 24 meses, así como de los cosméticos perfumados. Los niveles de agrado del olor y el perfume, de ambos cosméticos, fueron clasificados como “Me gusta”, mientras que los de la fijación fueron “Moderados”. Conclusiones: Las fragancias unisex cumplieron con los criterios de calidad establecidos durante 24 meses, al igual que la crema y el perfume, conservando la nota olfativa inalterada. El grado de aceptación y calidad de los cosméticos estudiados, a través de métodos afectivos, demostraron la aceptación de ambos cosméticos. (AU)

Introduction: Unisex fragrances aim to erase the existing border in gender stereotypes, pleasing all noses, being used day or night and shared by couples. The objective of the work was to develop two unisex fragrances for a moisturizing cream and a perfume. Method: The components of each unisex fragrance were identified. Quality controls and stability studies of natural aging were carried out on the fragrances, the cream and the perfume. The influence of sunlight on the fragrance’s stability was also evaluated. The sensory evaluation of the perfumed products was carried out through affective methods, including acceptance tests and scalar tests, which judge participants without alterations, determining the level of acceptance and liking of the developed cosmetics. Results: Two fragrances with citrus-woody-floral olfactory notes were developed, classifying them in the hesperid olfactory and woody olfactory family and subfamily, respectively. Quality controls and stability studies demonstrat-ed the physical and chemical quality of both fragrances and perfumed cosmetics for 24 months. The liking levels of the smell and the perfume, of both cosmetics, were classified as “I like”, while fixation was “Moderate”. Conclusions: The unisex fragrances met the quality criteria established for 24 months, the same as the cream and the perfume, keeping the olfactory note unchanged. Through affective methods, the degree of acceptance and qual-ity of the studied cosmetics demonstrated the approval of both cosmetics. (AU)

Entomofagia: seguridad alimentaria (disponibilidad y estabilidad) en una zona rural de Oaxaca, México / Entomophagy: Food security (availability and stability) in a rural area of Oaxaca, Mexico

Fundamentos: En la actualidad 690 millones de personas padecen hambre a nivel mundial, con lo que la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura ha emitido diversas recomendaciones como el consumo de insectos, llegando a denominarlos el alimento del futuro. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la diversidad de insectos comestibles, así como su disponibilidad y estabilidad en la comunidad rural de San Luis Amatlán, Oaxaca, Mexico. Métodos: Estudio observacional, exploratorio, transversal. Se realizó una colecta de insectos de manera directa. Se utilizó una encuesta semi-estructurada validada para medir el acceso y consumo de manera estable. Resultados: En esta población se consumen 12 especies diferentes de insectos, recolectados de manera manual (85,70%), de las cuales 3 son consumidas durante todo el año y sólo 3 están disponibles en un mes específico. El 70% de la población recolecta los insectos todos los integrantes de la familia. Conclusiones: Están disponibles 12 especies de insectos comestibles a lo largo del año. Sin embargo, su consumo está condicionado al ciclo de reproducción de cada insecto. En el periodo de mayor disponibilidad de éstos, son consumidos en abundancia y en el periodo de escasez el alimento principal es el maíz. (AU)

Background: Currently, 690 million people will suffer from hunger worldwide, with which the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization has issued various recommendations such as the consumption of insects, calling them the food of the future. The objective of this research was to analyze the diversity of edible insects, as well as their availability and stability in the rural community of San Luis Amatlán, Oaxaca, Mexico. Methods: Observational, exploratory, cross-sectional study. A direct collection of insects was carried out. Avalidated semi-structured survey was used to measure access and consumption in a stable manner. Results: In this population, 12 different species of insects are consumed, collected manually (85.70%), of which 3 are consumed throughout the year and 3 are only available in a specific month. 70% of the population collects insects from all members of the family. Conclusions: 12 species of edible insects are available throughout the year. However, its consumption is conditioned to the reproduction cycle of each insect. In the period of greatest availability of these, they are consumed in abundance and in the period of scarcity the main food is corn. (AU)

Network structure and temporal stability of depressive symptoms after a natural disaster among children and adolescents.

Background: Previous studies have found that the postdisaster developmental course of depression is more stable than that of other mental disorders among children and adolescents. However, the network structure and temporal stability of depressive symptoms after natural disasters among children and adolescents remain unknown.Objective: This study aims to understand the depressive symptom network and evaluate its temporal stability among children and adolescents after natural disasters.Methods: Three-wave measurements were conducted among 1,466 children and adolescents at 3, 15, and 27 months following the Zhouqu debris flow. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), which was dichotomised to signify the presence or absence of depressive symptoms. Depression networks were estimated with the Ising model, and expected influence was used to assess node centrality. A network comparison test was used to test the differences in the depression networks among the three temporal points.Results: Overall, the depressive symptom network was temporally stable regarding symptom centrality and global connectivity over the two-year study period. Self-hate, loneliness, and sleep disturbance were central symptoms and had low variability in the depressive networks at the three temporal points. Crying and self-deprecation had large temporal variability in centrality.Conclusion: The present study provides the first evidence for the temporal stability of the youth depressive symptom network postdisaster. The similar central symptoms and connectivity of depression symptoms at different temporal points after natural disasters may partially explain the stable prevalence and developmental trajectory of depression. Self-hate, loneliness, and sleep disturbance could be central characteristics, and sleep disturbance and reduced appetite, sadness and crying, and misbehaviour and disobedience could be key associations in the endurance of depression among children and adolescents after experiencing a natural disaster.

This study provides the first evidence for the temporal stability of the youth depressive symptom network.The depressive symptom network had temporal stability.Self-hate, loneliness, and sleep disturbance were the central symptoms among youths after a natural disaster.

DETERMINACIÓN DE LA ESTABILIDAD DE ÁCIDO ASCÓRBICO Y RETINOL EN PREPARACIONES REFORZADAS CON PRODUCTOS ALIMENTICIOS FORTIFICADOS / STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ASCORBIC ACID AND RETINOL IN REFORZED MEALS WITH FORTIFIED PRODUCTS

Introducción: La elaboración de comidas caseras implica pérdidas de vitaminas según el procedimiento de cocción. El uso de alimentos reforzados ayudaría a cubrir las recomendaciones nutricionales durante periodos críticos de la vida. El objetivo de este estudio piloto experimental es analizar la variación de las concentraciones de retinol y ácido ascórbico, en preparaciones reforzadas que incluyeron un cereal fortificado y analizar su valor como estrategia alimentaria. Material y métodos: El retinol y el ácido ascórbico se seleccionaron como indicadores de labilidad para tres recetas con diferentes procedimientos de cocción elaboradas de manera casera en condiciones reproducibles. El retinol se analizó mediante HPLC y el ácido ascórbico mediante electroforesis capilar en una muestra y HPLC en otras, debido a los límites de detección de cada método. Resultados: Según el método, el retinol aumentó su concentración en las muestras post-cocción debido a la pérdida de agua por evaporación (14% entre las reforzadas) o la redujo debido a las condiciones de temperatura, pH o presencia de oxígeno por cocciones a horno o fuego directo (5% y 22% respectivamente). Las muestras reforzadas cocidas presentaron un aumento del 18% - 20% frente a las no reforzadas. La cocción por conducción (sartén) u horno (corrientes de convección por aire) generó una pérdida parcial (13% y 24% respectivamente) de ácido ascórbico. La pérdida fue total en cocción a fuego directo y mayor relación superficie/volumen. Las muestras reforzadas cocidas presentaron un aumento de 90% cuando la vitamina se conservó. Las variaciones finales de concentración estuvieron relacionadas con las concentraciones iniciales y los métodos de cocción con diferentes formas de transferencia de calor y presiones parciales de O2. Conclusiones: Las vitaminas estudiadas son inestables en las comidas tras la cocción doméstica, aunque su pérdida es parcial; por lo tanto, reforzar las preparaciones con productos alimentarios reforzados sería una estrategia útil para cubrir los micronutrientes en situaciones críticas, en sistemas con baja densidad nutricional y diferentes consistencias

Introduction: Homemade meals elaboration implies vitamins losses in different cooking procedures. Using reinforced food would cover nutrient recommendations during critical periods of life. The aim of this experimental pilot study was to evaluate the variation of ascorbic acid and retinol concentrations in reinforced meals with fortified cereals and to analyze their value as a feeding strategy. Materials and Methods: These vitamins were selected as indicators of lability in three recipes with different cooking procedures prepared at home under reproducible conditions. Retinol was analysed through HPLC and Ascorbic Acid by capillary electrophoresis in one sample and HPLC in others because of detection limit of each methods. Results: According to cooking method, Retinol increased its concentration in post-cooking samples due to water evaporation (14% among enriched) or reduced it due to temperature, pH or presence of oxygen by oven or direct cooking (5% and 22% respectively). Between cooked samples, reinforced sample presented an 18% - 20% increase versus non-enriched one. Cooking by conduction (frying pan) or oven (air convection currents) generated a partial loss (13% and 24% respectively) of ascorbic acid. The loss was total in direct fire firing and higher surface/volume ratio. Cooked reinforced samples showed a 90% increase when the vitamin was preserved. Final concentration variations were related to initial concentrations and cooking methods involving different forms of heat transfer and partial pressures of O2.Conclusions: Vitamins studied were shown to be unstable in meals after domestic cooking, although their loss is partial. Therefore,reinforcing preparations with fortified food products would be a useful strategy to cover micronutrients in critical situations, in food preparations with low nutritional density and different consistencies

[Translated article] Comparative clinical and biomechanical study of different types of osteosynthesis in the treatment of distal femur fractures.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Distal femoral fractures represent a problem due to their high number of complications. The aim was to compare the results, complications and stability achieved with retrograde intramedullary nailing and the angular stable plate in the treatment of distal femoral diaphyseal fractures. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A clinical and experimental biomechanical study was carried out using finite elements. The results of the simulations allowed us to obtain the main results related to the stability of osteosynthesis. For clinical follow-up data, frequencies were used for qualitative variables, and Fisher's exact test and χ2 test were used to evaluate the significance of the different factors, with the condition of P<.05. RESULTS: In the biomechanical study, the retrograde intramedullar nails demonstrated superiority, obtaining lower values in terms of global displacement, maximum tension, torsion resistance, and bending resistance. In the clinical study, the rate of consolidation of the plates was lower than nails (77% vs. 96%, P=.02). The factor that most influenced the healing of fractures treated with plate were the central cortical thickness (P=.019). The factor that most influenced the healing of nail-treated fractures was the difference between the diameter of the medullary canal and the nail. CONCLUSIONS: Our biomechanical study shows that both osteosynthesis provide sufficient stability, but biomechanically behaves differently. Nails provide greater overall stability being preferable the use of long nails adjusted to the diameter of the canal. Plates form less rigid osteosynthesis, with little resistance to bending.

Comparative clinical and biomechanical study of different types of osteosynthesis in the treatment of distal femur fractures. / Estudio comparativo clínico y biomecánico de distintos tipos de osteosíntesis en el tratamiento de fracturas distales de fémur.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Distal femoral fractures represent a problem due to their high number of complications. The aim was to compare the results, complications and stability achieved with retrograde intramedullary nailing and the angular stable plate in the treatment of distal femoral diaphyseal fractures. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A clinical and experimental biomechanical study was carried out using finite elements. The results of the simulations allowed us to obtain the main results related to the stability of osteosynthesis. For clinical follow-up data, frequencies were used for qualitative variables, and Fisher's exact test and χ2 test were used to evaluate the significance of the different factors, with the condition of P<.05. RESULTS: In the biomechanical study, the retrograde intramedullar nails demonstrated superiority, obtaining lower values in terms of global displacement, maximum tension, torsion resistance, and bending resistance. In the clinical study, the rate of consolidation of the plates was lower than nails (77% vs. 96%, P=.02). The factor that most influenced the healing of fractures treated with plate were the central cortical thickness (P=.019). The factor that most influenced the healing of nail-treated fractures was the difference between the diameter of the medullary canal and the nail. CONCLUSIONS: Our biomechanical study shows that both osteosynthesis provide sufficient stability, but biomechanically behaves differently. Nails provide greater overall stability being preferable the use of long nails adjusted to the diameter of the canal. Plates form less rigid osteosynthesis, with little resistance to bending.

Chemical stability and physical compatibility of meropenem in admixtures for continuous and extended intravenous infusions.

INTRODUCTION: Prolonged intravenous infusion of beta-lactams increase the clinical cure rate compared to conventional administration in critical or septic patients. This study aimed to determine chemical stability and physical compatibility of meropenem at conditions used in clinical practice to evaluate the stability of the preparation during its administration and the possibility of anticipated preparation. METHODS: Admixtures in study were: (i) meropenem 6g in 0.9% sodium chloride (NS) in infusor of 2mL/h 50mL or 10mL/h 240mL; (ii) meropenem 1 or 2g in NS in infusion bag of 250mL. Temperatures of study were: (i) infusor: 4.5°C, 32°C or 12h at 4.5°C followed by 32°C; (ii) Infusion bag: 4.5°C, 24.5°C or 6h at 4.5°C followed by 24.5°C. Time of study was 5-6 days in infusor and 1 day in infusion bag. Chemical stability was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography and physical compatibility by measuring pH and visual inspection. RESULTS: Chemical stability and physical compatibility of meropenem in admixtures in infusors were reduced at high meropenem concentration and high temperature. Admixtures in infusion bag show chemical stability and physical compatibility for at least 1 day. CONCLUSION: Administration of meropenem 6g in infusion of 24h in 240mL of 0.9% NaCl in infusor of 10mL/h could be possible if the admixture is infused at 4.5°C. Extended infusion of meropenem 1 or 2g in 0.9% NaCl in infusion bag (250mL) in 3-4h is also feasible. Anticipated preparation of the admixtures in infusion bag is possible with a stability of 24h.

Comparación de tres técnicas de tornillo endomedular mínimamente invasivo para fracturas de falange proximal. Estudio biomecánico / Comparison of three different minimally invasive intramedullary screw for proximal phalanx fractures. A biomechanical study

Antecedentes y objetivo: Las fracturas de falange proximal (FP) son las fracturas más frecuentes de la mano. En los últimos años, se ha descrito el uso de tornillos endomedulares sin cabeza (TESC) para las fracturas inestables transversas u oblicuas de la FP. A pesar de que tanto la técnica anterógrada como retrógrada con TESC han mostrado buenos resultados, no se ha publicado ningún estudio comparativo de su uso en fracturas de FP. Nuestro objetivo es determinar la estabilidad que se obtiene con el uso de TESC retrógrados y anterógrados en un modelo en cadáver de fractura transversa proximal de FP, a dos niveles diferentes. Material y métodos: Realizamos un estudio biomecánico en 30 modelos de fractura de FP de cadáver fresco-congelado. La osteotomía se realizó a los 9 mm desde la articulación metacarpofalángica (MCF) en 15 especímenes, y a una distancia de 15 mm en los otros 15. A su vez, en cada grupo, cinco osteotomías se estabilizaron con un TESC anterógrado intraarticular, cinco mediante un TESC anterógrado transarticular y cinco con un TESC retrógrado. Resultados: La fijación con TESC anterógrado en osteotomías realizadas a los 9 mm (tanto con la técnica transarticular como intraarticular, 62,74 N y 70,86 N, respectivamente) fue más estable que la fijación con TESC retrógrado (32,72 N) (p 0,022). Por otra parte, la fijación con TESC retrógrado fue más estable en el modelo de fractura más distal (90,52 N retrógrado vs. 57,64 N transarticular vs. 42,92 N intraarticular (p = 0,20). Conclusiones: La fijación con TESC retrógrado ofrece más estabilidad en fracturas más distales, mientras que las técnicas anterógradas son más estables en fracturas proximales.(AU)

Background and objective: Phalangeal fractures are the most common hand fractures. In the last years, intramedullary compression screw (IMHCS) for instable transverse or short oblique proximal P1 fractures have been described. Although both anterograde (intraarticular or trans-articular) and retrograde IMHCS techniques have shown good results, no comparison between anterograde and retrograde screw in P1 fractures has been published. We sought to determine stability with retrograde IMHCS and anterograde IMHCS, both trans-articular and intra-articular technique, in a cadaveric transverse proximal P1 fracture model, at two different levels. Material and methods: We performed a biomechanical study in 30 fresh-frozen human cadaveric P1 fracture model. Fracture was performed at 9-mm from the metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint in 15 specimens, whereas it was done at 15 mm in the other 15. In turn, in each group, five fractures were stabilized with an anterograde intra-articular IMHCS, five with anterograde trans-articular IMHCS and other five with retrograde IMHCS. Results: Anterograde IMHCS fixation in 9-mm P1 fractures (both trans- and intra-articular technique, 62.74 N and 70.86 N, respectively) was found to be more stable than retrograde IMHCS one (32.72 N) (p = 0.022). Otherwise, retrograde IMHCS fixation was found to be more stable in more distal P1 fractures (90.52 N retrograde vs. 57.64 N trans-articular vs. 42.92 N intra-articular; p = 0.20). Conclusions: Anterograde IMHCS fixation in proximal transverse P1 bone cut in a cadaveric model provides more stability than retrograde IMHCS, while retrograde screw provides more stability when the bone cut is located more distal.(AU)

[Translated article] Comparison of three different minimally invasive intramedullary screw for proximal phalanx fractures. A biomechanical study / Comparación de tres técnicas de tornillo endomedular mínimamente invasivo para fracturas de falange proximal. Estudio biomecánico

Background and objective: Phalangeal fractures are the most common hand fractures. In the last years, intramedullary compression screw (IMHCS) for instable transverse or short oblique proximal P1 fractures have been described. Although both anterograde (intraarticular or trans-articular) and retrograde IMHCS techniques have shown good results, no comparison between anterograde and retrograde screw in P1 fractures has been published. We sought to determine stability with retrograde IMHCS and anterograde IMHCS, both trans-articular and intra-articular technique, in a cadaveric transverse proximal P1 fracture model, at two different levels. Material and methods: We performed a biomechanical study in 30 fresh-frozen human cadaveric P1 fracture model. Fracture was performed at 9-mm from the metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint in 15 specimens, whereas it was done at 15 mm in the other 15. In turn, in each group, five fractures were stabilized with an anterograde intra-articular IMHCS, five with anterograde trans-articular IMHCS and other five with retrograde IMHCS. Results: Anterograde IMHCS fixation in 9-mm P1 fractures (both trans- and intra-articular technique, 62.74 N and 70.86 N, respectively) was found to be more stable than retrograde IMHCS one (32.72 N) (p = 0.022). Otherwise, retrograde IMHCS fixation was found to be more stable in more distal P1 fractures (90.52 N retrograde vs. 57.64 N trans-articular vs. 42.92 N intra-articular; p = 0.20). Conclusions: Anterograde IMHCS fixation in proximal transverse P1 bone cut in a cadaveric model provides more stability than retrograde IMHCS, while retrograde screw provides more stability when the bone cut is located more distal.(AU)

Antecedentes y objetivo: Las fracturas de falange proximal (FP) son las fracturas más frecuentes de la mano. En los últimos años, se ha descrito el uso de tornillos endomedulares sin cabeza (TESC) para las fracturas inestables transversas u oblicuas de la FP. A pesar de que tanto la técnica anterógrada como retrógrada con TESC han mostrado buenos resultados, no se ha publicado ningún estudio comparativo de su uso en fracturas de FP. Nuestro objetivo es determinar la estabilidad que se obtiene con el uso de TESC retrógrados y anterógrados en un modelo en cadáver de fractura transversa proximal de FP, a dos niveles diferentes. Material y métodos: Realizamos un estudio biomecánico en 30 modelos de fractura de FP de cadáver fresco-congelado. La osteotomía se realizó a los 9 mm desde la articulación metacarpofalángica (MCF) en 15 especímenes, y a una distancia de 15 mm en los otros 15. A su vez, en cada grupo, cinco osteotomías se estabilizaron con un TESC anterógrado intraarticular, cinco mediante un TESC anterógrado transarticular y cinco con un TESC retrógrado. Resultados: La fijación con TESC anterógrado en osteotomías realizadas a los 9 mm (tanto con la técnica transarticular como intraarticular, 62,74 N y 70,86 N, respectivamente) fue más estable que la fijación con TESC retrógrado (32,72 N) (p 0,022). Por otra parte, la fijación con TESC retrógrado fue más estable en el modelo de fractura más distal (90,52 N retrógrado vs. 57,64 N transarticular vs. 42,92 N intraarticular (p = 0,20). Conclusiones: La fijación con TESC retrógrado ofrece más estabilidad en fracturas más distales, mientras que las técnicas anterógradas son más estables en fracturas proximales.(AU)

Comparison of three different minimally invasive intramedullary screw for proximal phalanx fractures. A biomechanical study. / Comparación de tres técnicas de tornillo endomedular mínimamente invasivo para fracturas de falange proximal. Estudio biomecánico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Phalangeal fractures are the most common hand fractures. In the last years, intramedullary compression screw (IMHCS) for instable transverse or short oblique proximal P1 fractures have been described. Although both anterograde (intraarticular or trans-articular) and retrograde IMHCS techniques have shown good results, no comparison between anterograde and retrograde screw in P1 fractures has been published. We sought to determine stability with retrograde IMHCS and anterograde IMHCS, both trans-articular and intra-articular technique, in a cadaveric transverse proximal P1 fracture model, at two different levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a biomechanical study in 30 fresh-frozen human cadaveric P1 fracture model. Fracture was performed at 9-mm from the metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint in 15 specimens, whereas it was done at 15 mm in the other 15. In turn, in each group, five fractures were stabilized with an anterograde intra-articular IMHCS, five with anterograde trans-articular IMHCS and other five with retrograde IMHCS. RESULTS: Anterograde IMHCS fixation in 9-mm P1 fractures (both trans- and intra-articular technique, 62.74 N and 70.86 N, respectively) was found to be more stable than retrograde IMHCS one (32.72 N) (p = 0.022). Otherwise, retrograde IMHCS fixation was found to be more stable in more distal P1 fractures (90.52 N retrograde vs. 57.64 N trans-articular vs. 42.92 N intra-articular; p = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Anterograde IMHCS fixation in proximal transverse P1 bone cut in a cadaveric model provides more stability than retrograde IMHCS, while retrograde screw provides more stability when the bone cut is located more distal.

[Translated article] Comparison of three different minimally invasive intramedullary screw for proximal phalanx fractures. A biomechanical study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Phalangeal fractures are the most common hand fractures. In the last years, intramedullary compression screw (IMHCS) for instable transverse or short oblique proximal P1 fractures have been described. Although both anterograde (intraarticular or trans-articular) and retrograde IMHCS techniques have shown good results, no comparison between anterograde and retrograde screw in P1 fractures has been published. We sought to determine stability with retrograde IMHCS and anterograde IMHCS, both trans-articular and intra-articular technique, in a cadaveric transverse proximal P1 fracture model, at two different levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a biomechanical study in 30 fresh-frozen human cadaveric P1 fracture model. Fracture was performed at 9-mm from the metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint in 15 specimens, whereas it was done at 15mm in the other 15. In turn, in each group, five fractures were stabilised with an anterograde intra-articular IMHCS, five with anterograde trans-articular IMHCS and other five with retrograde IMHCS. RESULTS: Anterograde IMHCS fixation in 9-mm P1 fractures (both trans- and intra-articular technique, 62.74N and 70.86N, respectively) was found to be more stable than retrograde IMHCS one (32.72N) (p=0.022). Otherwise, retrograde IMHCS fixation was found to be more stable in more distal P1 fractures (90.52N retrograde vs. 57.64N trans-articular vs. 42.92N intra-articular; p=0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Anterograde IMHCS fixation in proximal transverse P1 bone cut in a cadaveric model provides more stability than retrograde IMHCS, while retrograde screw provides more stability when the bone cut is located more distal.

Estabilidad del plasma rico en plaquetas obtenido en sistema abierto / Stability of platelet-rich plasma obtained in an open system

Introducción: Para proteger la actividad biológica y evitar la degradación de un producto se deben mantener estrictas condiciones de obtención y almacenamiento. La información que avala el tiempo y las condiciones de almacenamiento debe partir de estudios de estabilidad realizados a largo plazo, en tiempo y condiciones de almacenamiento reales. Objetivo: Evaluar la estabilidad en vida de estante y condiciones de estrés del plasma rico en plaquetas obtenido en sistema abierto. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio de estabilidad siguiendo las normas descritas por el Centro para el Control Estatal de los Medicamentos. Se evaluaron las principales propiedades fisicoquímicas y biológicas del plasma rico en plaquetas. Las pruebas para demostrar estabilidad del producto se realizaron con una duración de tres días y una frecuencia de ensayo en las horas 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 y 72. Resultados: Los ensayos de pH mostraron que se mantiene estable con independencia del tiempo y la temperatura con un 95 % de confiabilidad. El 100 % de las muestras estudiadas no presentó variación en relación con las características organolépticas y el volumen. La esterilidad tampoco mostró variaciones. Las concentraciones del plasma rico en plaquetas según tiempo y temperaturas arrojaron una significación mayor de 0,05 con variación en función del tiempo y las temperaturas con una confiabilidad del 95 %. Conclusiones: Se demostró que el proceso de elaboración del plasma rico en plaquetas se lleva a cabo de forma controlada y segura. El plasma rico en plaquetas obtenido mantiene sus propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas tras someterlo a diferentes tiempos y temperaturas de almacenamiento.

Introduction: To maintain biological activity and avoid degradation of a product, strict conditions of collection and storage must be maintained, the information that supports the time and storage conditions must be based on long-term stability studies carried out in real time and storage conditions. Objective: To evaluate the shelf life stability and stress conditions of the platelet rich plasm obtained in an open system. Methods: A stability study was designed following the standards described by the Center for State Control of Medicines, where the main physicochemical and biological properties of platelet rich plasm were evaluated, the tests to demonstrate product stability were carried out with a duration of three days. and a test frequency at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Results: The pH tests showed that it remains stable regardless of time and temperature with 95% reliability, 100% reliability. The samples studied did not present variation in relation to the organoleptic characteristics and volume, sterility in general did not show variations either, platelet rich plasm concentrations according to time and temperatures showed a significance greater than 0.05 with variation depending on time and temperatures with a reliability of 95%. Conclusions: The present work shows that the platelet rich plasm elaboration process is carried out in a controlled and safe way, the platelet rich plasm obtained maintains its physical, chemical and biological properties after subjecting it to different storage times and temperatures.